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Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
Your IQ score is:
133133   You scored 133 on Emode's IQ test. This means that based on your answers, your IQ score is between 123 and 133. Most people's IQs are between 70 and 130.
In fact, 95% of all people have IQs within that range. 68% of people score between 80 and 120. The following chart to your right, shows these percentages and where your IQ score is on that scale.

Print your Certificate of Intellectual Achievement.

There's more to intelligence than a single number, a single score or a single label. Emode uses four distinguishable Intelligence Scales in the Ultimate IQ Test. By analyzing your individual scores on those four scales, we are able to look beyond the raw IQ score into how your process information and thereby determine your Intellectual Type.
  
How do you relate to other IQ test takers?


 
Your Intellectual Type Is:
Word Warrior    You are equipped with a verbal arsenal that enables you to understand complex issues and communicate on a particularly high level. These talents make you a Word Warrior.

Whether or not you recognize it, your vocabulary is your strongest suit—use it whenever you can. Since your command of words is so great, you are also a terrific communicator — able to articulate big ideas to just about anyone. Your wordsmithing prowess will also help in artistic and creative pursuits. The power of words translates to fresh ideas off paper too. Since you have so many words at your disposal, you are in a unique position to describe things in an original way, as well as see the future in your mind's eye.
In short, your strengths allow you to be a visionary — able to extrapolate and come up with a multitude of fresh ideas. And you are in good company — bask in the brilliance of Word Warriors who have walked before you. William Shakespeare let loose the power of his pen. His ability to articulate the most subtle nuances of human nature and to create colorful characters are why his stories still have a major impact — even 400 years after he first wrote them. Whether you put pen to paper or use your understanding of the words around you to come up with creative approaches to problems, your potential as a Word Warrior is terrific.   
Great Jobs For You
Because of the way you process information, these are just some of the many careers in which you wcould excel:
  • Writer
  • Translator
  • Publisher
  • Attorney
  • Poet
  • Politician
  • Journalist
  • Lecturer

 
Some of Your Greatest Talents
You've got tons of strengths. It wouldn't surprise us if you:
  • Can clarify complex issues
  • Can articulate commonly understood truths
  • Can foster understanding
  • Can creatively solve problems


 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
Your 4 Intelligence Scales

Now let's look at the factors that contribute to you being a Word Warrior with a 133 IQ score.

Based on the results of your test, Emode divided your scores into four distinguishable dimensions — mathematical intelligence, visual-spatial intelligence, linguistic intelligence and logic intelligence.

Here's how each of your intelligence scores break down:


Mathematical Intelligence
Your Mathematical Percentile

90th percentile

You scored in the 90th percentile on the mathematical intelligence scale.This means that you scored higher than 80% - 90% of people who took the test and that 10% - 20% scored higher than you did. The scale above illustrates this visually.

Your mathematical intelligence score represents your combined ability to reason and calculate. You scored relatively high, which means you're probably the one your friends look to when splitting the lunch bill or calculating your waitresses' tip. You may or may not be known as a math whiz, but number crunching might come a little easier to you than it does others.

This is the kind of question that helped to determine your mathematical intelligence score:

A boy is 4 years old and his sister is three times as old as he is. When the boy is 12 years old, how old will his sister be? 16, 20, 24, 28, 32.

answer: 20.
The sister is (3 )three times older than her (4) four-year-old brother. Three times 4 is 12, in other words, when he is four, she is 12. Twelve years old is 8 years older than 4 years old, which makes her 8 years older than him. This never changes. Therefore, when he is 12, she is still 8 years older, or 12+8=20.



 
Flexing Your Math Muscles
Like anything, keeping or improving your math talents requires practice. Here are some everyday mental exercises that could particularly helpful to you:
  • Balancing your checkbook
  • Figuring out your monthly budget
  • Predicting what the change will be the next time you buy something
  • Calculating your waitperson's tip in your head



Visual-Spatial Intelligence
Your Visual-Spatial Percentile

50th percentile


You scored in the 50th percentile on the visual-spatial intelligence scale.
This means that you scored higher than 40% - 50% of people who took the test and that 50% - 60% scored higher than you did. The scale above illustrates this visually.

The visual-spatial component of intelligence measures your ability to extract a visual pattern and from that envision what should come next in a sequence. Your score was relatively low, meaning you might leave the map reading, chess playing and metaphor forming to your friends. These are all skills that come a little easier to people who tend to think in pictures.

Here's the type of question that contributed to your visual-spatial intelligence score:

 
1 is to 2 as 3 is to
 
Answer: b

The answer lies in recognizing not only the visual sequence of a square and then a line, but in the recognizing the solidity of the line in the first example and the broken quality of the line in the second example.


 
Vision Quest
Like anything, keeping or improving visual-spatial talents requires some practice. Here are some everyday mental exercises that will be particularly helpful to you:
  • Playing chess, or video games like Tetris
  • Studying maps and become the navigator on your next trip
  • Sculpting or photography



Linguistic Intelligence
Your Linguistic Percentile

100th percentile


You scored in the 100th percentile on the linguistic intelligence scale.
This means that you scored higher than 90% - 100% of people who took the test and that 0% - 10% scored higher than you did. The scale above illustrates this visually.

Linguistic abilities include reading, writing and communicating with words. Emode's test measures knowledge of vocabulary, ease in completing word analogies and the ability to think critically about a statement based on its semantic structure. Your score was relatively high, which could mean you know your way around a bookstore and maybe like to bandy about the occasional 25-cent word to impress friends.

Here's the type of question that contributed to your linguistic intelligence scale score:

Inept is the opposite of:

Answer: Skillful.

The answer is derived by prior knowledge that "inept" means "unskillful" (Oxford Concise Dictionary).



 
Word Power
Like anything, keeping or improving linguistic talents requires some practice. Here are some everyday mental exercises that will be particularly helpful to you:
  • Doing crossword puzzles
  • Start reading just for fun
  • Befriending your dictionary
  • The next time something breaks, try reading the instruction book first



Logical Intelligence
Your Logical Percentile

100th percentile


You scored in the 100th percentile on the logical intelligence scale.
This means that you scored higher than 90% - 100% of people who took the test and that 0% - 10% scored higher than you did. The scale above illustrates this visually.

Emode's logical intelligence questions assess your ability to think things through. The questions determine the extent to which you use reasoning and logic to determine the best solution to a problem. Your logic score was relatively high, which could mean that when the car breaks down, your friends look to you to help figure out not only what's wrong, but how to fix it and how you're going to get to the next gas station.

Here's the kind of question that contributed to your logical intelligence score:

If some Wicks are Slicks and some Slicks are Snicks, then some Wicks are definitely Snicks.

Answer: False
The statement is false because while some Wicks might be Slicks, there is no conclusive proof that any of them might be Snicks.



 
Logic Lessons
Like anything, keeping or improving logical talents requires some practice. Here are some everyday mental exercises that will be particularly helpful to you:
  • Trying some brain teasers
  • Throwing away the instructions and relying on instinct to fix something
  • Playing chess


 
What do all these percentiles mean?
For each scale, Emode determined how many people received scores above and below yours. Your "percentile" represents what percentage of people scored lower than you. In other words, 90th percentile means you scored higher than 80 to 90% of people did.

How are the percentiles determined? These percentiles were determined based on the one million users who have already taken our test. We then adjusted these percentiles based on a nationally representative IQ distribution to make sure that no level of intelligence was over- or underrepresented in the analysis. Thus, the percentiles we present reflect your score compared with people in the United States in general.



What factors helped determine my score?
If your score isn't as high as you thought it would be, remember that there are plenty of external factors that can affect your performance on the test. If you were tired, hungry or distracted, you might have scored lower than you expected because you were less able to concentrate.

Your level of formal education and your familiarity with taking these kinds of tests also influence how well you do. That's part of the reason IQ tests aren't a perfect measure of your intelligence. Your score would probably be quite different if the IQ test was designed to take into account your musical, artistic, emotional and social skills.

On their own, IQ scores can't predict someone's ultimate success or definitive potential for success. Many of the qualities that lead to great achievements are learned through culture, experience and schooling - not solely from doing well on an IQ test.

What your IQ test can help explain, however, is how your brain works best. By looking at the kinds of questions you answered correctly and the kinds of questions you answered incorrectly, we can tell you more about your intelligence type — the type that explains the kind of information that makes sense to your brain.


 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
Test Question Answer Key
Now that you know your IQ score, your Intelligence Type and your rank along the four intelligence scales (Mathematical, Visual-Spatial, Linguistic and Logical), we thought you might want to go back and see how you answered various questions. People often waver on at least a couple of questions, so we've provided the full set of questions along with the answer key.

= your answer
= correct answer

 
1.  Which one of the five choices makes the best comparison? LIVED is to DEVIL as 6323 is to:
     2336
     6232
     3236
     3326
     6332
 
2.  Which one of these five is least like the other four?
     Mule
     Kangaroo
     Cow
     Deer
     Donkey
 
3.  Which number should come next? 144 121 100 81 64 ?
     17
     19
     36
     49
     50
 
4.  Even the most ___________ rose has thorns.
     Ugly
     Weathered
     Lonely
     Noxious
     Tempting
 
5.  HAND is to Glove as HEAD is to
     Hair
     Hat
     Neck
     Earring
     Hairpin
 
6. 
1 is to 2 as 3 is to
     a
     b
     c
     d
     e
 
7.  John likes 400 but not 300; he likes 100 but not 99; he likes 2500 but not 2400. Which does he like:
     900
     1000
     1100
     1200
 
8.  A fallacious argument is:
     Disturbing
     Valid
     False
     Necessary
 
9.  If you rearrange the letters "ANLDEGN," you would have the name of a(n):
     Ocean
     Country
     State
     City
     Animal
 
10.  NASA received three messages in a strange language from a distant planet. The scientists studied the messages and found that "Necor Buldon Slock" means "Danger Rocket Explosion" and "Edwan Mynor Necor" means "Danger Spaceship Fire" and "Buldon Gimilzor Gondor" means "Bad Gas Explosion". What does "Slock" mean?
     Danger
     Explosion
     Nothing
     Rocket
     Gas
 
11.  If some Wicks are Slicks, and some Slicks are Snicks, then some Wicks are definitely Snicks. The statement is:
     True
     False
     Neither
 
12.  Ann is taller than Jill, and Kelly is shorter than Ann. Which of the following statements would be most accurate?
     Kelly is taller than Jill
     Kelly is shorter than Jill
     Kelly is as tall as Jill
     It's impossible to tell
 
13.  A boy is 4 years old and his sister is three times as old as he is. When the boy is 12 years old, how old will his sister be?
     16
     20
     24
     28
     32
 
14.  Assume that these two statements are true: All brown-haired men have bad tempers. Larry is a brown-haired man. The statement Larry has a bad temper is:
     True
     False
     Unable to determine
 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
15.  Two girls caught 25 frogs. Lisa caught four times as many as Jen did. How many frogs did Jen catch?
     4
     5
     8
     10
     15
 
16.  Inept is the opposite of:
     Fit
     Deep
     Skillful
     Sad
     Happy
 
17.  A car traveled 28 miles in 30 minutes. How many miles per hour was it traveling?
     28
     36
     56
     58
     62
 
18.  If all Zips are Zoodles, and all Zoodles are Zonkers, then all Zips are definitely Zonkers.
The above sentence is logically:
     True
     False
     Neither
 
19.  Sue is both the 50th best and the 50th worst student at her school. How many students attend her school?
     50
     75
     99
     100
     101
 
20.  In a race from point X to point Y and back, Jack averages 30 miles per hour to point Y and 10 miles per hour back to point X. Sandy averages 20 miles per hour in both directions. Between Jack and Sandy, who finished first?
     Jack
     Sandy
     They tie
     Neither
     Impossible to tell
 
21.  Ten people can paint 60 houses in 120 days, so five people can paint 30 houses in:
     15 days
     30 days
     60 days
     120 days
 
22.  The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never ________.
     Complete
     Accurate
     Complex
     Simple
     Wise
 
23.  Which number should come next? 64, 16, 4, 1, 1/4?
     1/16
     1/12
     1/8
     1/2
     1
 
24.  What number is one half of one quarter of one tenth of 800?
     2
     5
     8
     10
     40
 
25.  A cynic is one who knows the price of everything and the ________ of nothing.
     Emotion
     Value
     Meaning
     Color
     Quality
 
26.  Two cars start off at the same point on a straight highway facing opposite directions. Each car drives for 6 miles, takes a left turn, and drives for 8 miles. How far apart are the two cars?
     2 miles
     11 miles
     14 miles
     20 miles
     26 miles
 
27.  Which one of these five things is least like the other four?
     Coconut
     Grape
     Banana
     Apple
     Pear
 
28.  Wisdom is knowing what to do next; __________ is doing it.
     Virtue
     Luck
     Happiness
     Sanity
     Nostalgia
 
29.  It is easier to _______________ than to offer a helping hand.
     Raise a flag
     Shout an insult
     Lay down
     Point the finger
     Sing praises
 
Your Emode IQ Score
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IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
30.  True knowledge exists in knowing that you know ___________.
     Everything
     Nothing
     The truth
     The weather
     The meaning of life
 
31.  Which word best completes the analogy: Water is to glass as letter is to...
     mail
     stamp
     pen
     envelope
     book
 
32. 
1 is to 2 as 3 is to
     a
     b
     c
     d
 
33.  Which one of the designs is least like the other four?

 
     a

 
     b

 
     c

 
     d

 
     e

 
 
34.  31

For the picture sequence above, find the picture that follows logically from one of the six below.

 
     a

 
     b

 
     c

 
     d

 
     e

 
     f

 
 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
35.  35

For the picture sequence above, find the picture that follows logically from one of the five below.

 
     a

 
     b

 
     c

 
    

 
    

 
 
36.  36

Fill in the empty box above with the correct picture from below
     a
     b
     c
    
 
37.  37

Fill in the white box above with the correct picture from below
     a
     b
     c
     d
 
38. 
1 is to 2 as 3 is to
     a
     b
     c
     d
     e
 
39. 
1 is to 2 as 3 is to
     a

 
     b
     c
     d
     e
 
40.  Which design does not belong in this group?
     a
     b
     c
     d
     e
 

= your answer
= correct answer


 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
What is an IQ?
The intelligence quotient (IQ) measures the ratio of a person's intellectual age to his/her chronological age. Most adult intelligence tests are designed for people who are at least 16 years old. For this reason, if you are younger than 16, your Emode IQ score might be slightly lower than your "true" IQ.

History of IQ Testing
One of the first scientific investigations into the concept of intelligence, came from nineteenth-century British scientist, Sir Francis Galton. Galton believed that mental traits, like physical traits, could be inherited. He published his ideas on hereditary intelligence in his book, Hereditary Genius.

Meanwhile in France, psychologist Alfred Binet was exploring ways of measuring children's' intelligence. Like Galton, Binet was passionate about testing and measuring human capabilities. Binet worked with two groups of children - those who were average students, and those who were less mentally capable. He discovered that average students could complete certain tasks that less mentally capable students could not. Based on those findings, Binet calculated the "normal" abilities for students within different age groups. From there he could estimate how many years above or below the norm a student's mental age was.

Just before WWI, German psychologist Wilhelm Stern came up with an alternative to mental age for measuring people's intelligence. He suggested that a more accurate method for assessing someone's intelligence was to measure their capabilities given their chronological age. He proposed that for a true estimate of someone's intelligence, researchers needed to calculate a ratio between the subject's mental age and their chronological age. Since the resulting numbers were represented by decimals, scientists decided to multiply this "quotient" by 100 to get rid of the decimal places. Thus, the formula for an IQ is: IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100.

Based on the ratio that Stern created, Lewis Terman, an American psychologist at Stanford University, coined the term Intelligence Quotient for Stern's Binet test scoring system.

How People Might Evaluate You Based on IQ Score
IQ tests serve as a useful tool for institutions such as public schools and the military, where great numbers of people must be processed quickly and efficiently, and placed in appropriated classes or positions.

In the United States, kindergarten-aged children are often given IQ tests to evaluate whether they need special attention or services. For example, children scoring 130 or over are often considered "gifted" and placed in programs accordingly. However, in most institutional uses of the test nowadays, the importance placed on the actual IQ score has changed.

 
Did You Know?
A widely-cited example of possible cultural bias appeared in the Scholastic Aptitude Test in the early 90s:

Runner: marathon
A) Envoy: embassy
B) Martyr: massacre
C) Oarsman: regatta
D) Referee: tournament
E) Horse: stable.

(Herrnstein and Murray, 1994) According to many, the answer, C), is more likely to be answered correctly by upper class children (predominantly white) because they are more inclined to know the definition of regatta.

The military tends to use IQ test results to assess which field a recruit might be best suited to. Instead of relying solely on the intelligence rating, the IQ score, the military will now look at the kinds of questions a recruit answered correctly. Once they know that, they have a better idea of what innate skills the recruit can bring to specific assignments and duties.

And as far as the business world goes, uses of such tests for employment purposes was declared illegal — except in rare circumstances — by the Supreme Court in 1971.

In social life, the IQ test is only really applicable if you're specifically joining an organization based on IQ scores like Mensa, a society founded in 1964 for people who score in the top 2% of the IQ test. But, in general, there are still some misconceptions about the importance of test results. Chances are, people you know are more likely to be judgmental about a high or low score than most institutions are. Luckily, this is usually just a case of misinformation and is easily remedied.

 
Did You Know?
Robert Jordan, an applicant to the New Haven, CT police force sued the department in 1997 after he was refused entry on grounds that his IQ test score was "too high." A spokesperson for the police department was quoted as saying people with too high of an IQ "tire of police work and leave not long after undergoing costly academy training."


Limitations of IQ Testing
Much debate circulates around the different IQ tests that are administered throughout the country. Many researchers claim that the tests measure cultural knowledge and understanding, not innate intelligence. Critics suggest that both IQ and standardized tests are racially and culturally biased.

According to a 1996 report by the American Psychological Association, "Intelligence scores partially predict individual differences in school achievement, such as grade point average and number of years of education that individuals complete.

Nevertheless, population levels of school achievement are not determined solely or even primarily by intelligence or any other individual-difference variable. Many differences can be attributed primarily to differences in culture and schooling rather than in abilities measured by intelligence tests."

Outside factors, such as where you grow up, what kind of school you attend, and how much school you attend contribute substantially to the development of intelligences. However, it is not yet clearly understood what those factors are, or how they work. It is widely agreed that standardized tests, like an IQ test, do not accurately reflect all forms of intelligence.

Obviously, cultural knowledge, creativity, wisdom, common sense and social sensitivity are not measured in IQ tests, but they certainly contribute to a person's intelligence.

Still, there are some people who feel strongly that IQ tests are the best way to predict future performance at work and in school. They feel that IQ tests are better predictors of future success than even trained personnel experts.

Experts have numerous theories when it comes to explaining, defining and predicting intelligence. Some claim that intelligence is innate and fixed and can be measured with clearly defined statistical methods. Others claim that experience and environment affect intelligence - that intelligence is the composite of many different talents and abilities which continue to improve over time.

Further study of Intelligence
Three researchers have made significant advances in this field in recent years:

1. Robert Sternberg - Has proposed three sub-theories of intelligence: context, experience, and the cognitive components of information processing. In short, intelligence involves either adapting to your environment, moving to another more appropriate environment or changing your environment. Your level of experience with the activities or knowledge being tested gets reduced to intelligence, but intelligence is best measured out of context — when you perform unfamiliar tasks.

2. Howard Gardner - Has proposed his "Theory of Multiple Intelligences" where there are seven independent but related intelligences: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Gardner is one of the biggest proponents for developing new methods for testing intelligence. He speculates that intelligence is culturally and experientially based. One's experience will influence how much each of these can be expressed.

3. John Horn - Horn had proposed that there are two factors to intelligence: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence is one's ability to reason and solve problems in novel or unfamiliar situations. Crystallized intelligence is the extent to which an individual has attained knowledge of her culture.

In general, recent research has focused on intelligence as something that can be changed — not as something that is fixed in childhood and as something culturally and experientially based. Most current researchers agree that there are multiple forms of intelligence, although there is no consensus on how many.


 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
Emode's IQ Test Development
Over the last two years, Emode's psychologists developed this IQ test using proven, high-quality IQ test questions such as those in the Mensa Workout tests and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale — an intelligence test that focuses on both vocabulary and verbal abstract reasoning. Those are the skills that are associated with problem-solving ability and social comprehension/judgement.

Reliability of the IQ Score
Once we built the Emode IQ test, Emode performed a large-scale study to compare the results of people who had taken both the Emode IQ test and the established Shipley Institute of Living Scale (by Walter C. Shipley). The Shipley test has been used for more than 50 years to assess facets of intelligence. We did this to ensure that the way we constructed our test would yield reliable and valid IQ results.

We used scores calculated by the Shipley test as a basis for calibrating Emode's IQ test. That ensured a high association between the two tests and, because of that, the validity of our IQ scores. In fact, the Emode IQ test is highly reliable—the Chronbach's alpha is .81. In other words, the questions on Emode's IQ test are internally consistent and they all measure intelligence accurately.

How Emode Calculates Intellectual Types
In the past, researchers who have constructed IQ tests have discovered additional patterns that relate to the categories of questions a particular test-taker answered correctly — categories such as mathematical, visual, verbal and logical. When these researchers analyzed peoples' results, they found that, for instance, a test-taker might have answered the math-oriented and verbal questions correctly, yet tended to answer the logical questions incorrectly. From such patterns, experts were able to define some internal scales of intelligence to the overall IQ test. Thus, using those internal scales, they could offer an actual IQ score, such as 105, as well as a measurement of how well the test-taker did within each question category.

After 1 million people took the Emode IQ test, we ran what is called a "factor analysis" on the answers those people gave. This statistical analysis identified the similarity between groups of questions in our test. The analysis demonstrated that this particular IQ test accurately measured four underlying dimensions of intelligence: mathematical, visual-spatial, linguistic and logical.

Each of the questions in the Emode IQ test relates to one dimension of intelligence. How reliable are these dimensions? Well, for the scientists and statisticians out there, their reliability coefficients were .85, .84, .81 and .50, respectively. The gist of all of that is that Emode's scales of intelligence are highly valid and we can accurately tell you how high you scored on each of those scales relative to the other test-takers—thus yielding an accurate intellectual type.


 
Your Emode IQ Score
Your Intelligence Type
Your Intelligence Scales
IQ Answer Key
What is an IQ?
IQ Test Development
Additional Reading
Invite Friends to Test
Certificate of Intellectual Achievement
Additional Reading:
Armstrong, T. (1993). 7 Kinds of Smart: Identifying and Developing Your Many Intelligences. NY: Plume (The Penguin Group).

Bonthous, J. (1995). "Understanding intelligence across cultures." Competitive Intelligence Review, Summer/Fall: 12-19.

Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (10th Anniversary Edition). NY: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. (1992). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice. NY: Basic Books.

Gardner, H.. (1985). The Mind's New Science. NY: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. and Hatch, T. (1989). "Multiple Intelligences Go to School: Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences." Educational Researcher 18(8): 4-9.

Gardner, H., Kornhaber, M.L., and Wake, W.K. (1996). Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives. NY: Harcourt, Brace.

Horn, J.L. (1989). "Cognitive diversity: A framework for learning." Pp. 61-116 in P.L.

Ackerman, R.J. Sternberg, and R. Glaser (Eds.), Learning and Individual differences: Advances in theory and research. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Co.

Jensen, A. R. (1969). "How much can we boost I.Q. and scholastic achievement?" Harvard Educational Review 39:1-123.

Lohman, D.F. (1989). "Human intelligence: An introduction to advances in theory and research." Review of Educational Research 59(4):333-374.

Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., & Urbina, S. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77-101.

Ree, M. J., & Earles, J. A. (1992). "Intelligence is the best predictor of job performance." Current Directions in Psychological Science 1:86-89.

Robbins, D. (1996). The Philosophy of Intelligence: An Outline of Theories. Psychology Department, University of Calgary.

Sternberg, R. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (1998). "Human abilities." Annual Review of Psychology 49:479-502.

Sternberg, R. J., Wagner, R. K., Williams, W. M., & Horvath, J. A. (1995). "Testing common sense." American Psychologist 50:912-927.

Sternberg, R.J. (1991). "Death, taxes, and bad intelligence tests." Intelligence 15(3):257-269.

Sternberg, R.J. (1992). "Ability tests, measurements, and markets." Journal of Educational Psychology 84(2):134-140.

 
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